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Linear regression analysis between weekly intake of 22 food groups and HT-related phenotypes detected a significant positive association between plant oil consumption and T3 levels in the group including all HT patients (β = 0.07, p< 0.0001) and in the sub-group of HT patients that were on LT4 therapy (β = 0.10, p = 0.001). We also found a negative association between the consumption of olive oil and systolic blood pressure in the sub-group of HT patients that were taking LT4 therapy (β = − 0.16, p = 0.001). All other close-to-significant observations are reported in SI Table S6. Plant oil, especially cold pressed oil, such as sunflower oil, pumpkin seed oil, and olive oil are rich in bioactive components (polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), tocopherols and various phenols) that are associated with anti-inflammatory properties and reduction of oxidative stress 47. Sunflower oil, the most frequently used type of refined plant oil in Croatia, is a natural source of powerful antioxidant vitamin E 48. Olive oil

We also investigated if two sub-groups of HT patients (depending on LT4 therapy) differ in dietary habits, as this analysis is important for data interpretation. The rationale behind this analysis was to take into consideration possible changes in diet between these two sub-groups (for example, HT patients who were taking LT4 therapy might have changed dietary habits upon disease diagnosis) which could introduce spurious associations for our main case–control analysis. We used a logistic regression model, where therapy status (with/without LT4 therapy) was used as the dependent variable and 22 food groups as independent variables, along with age and gender.The Supreme Court, comprising Deputy President Lord Hope, Lords Rodger, Walker and Collins and Sir John Dyson, rejected the 'discretion test', finding that, according to Lord Hope, "to pretend that [a person's sexual orientation or sexuality] does not exist, or that the behaviour by which it manifests itself can be suppressed, is to deny the members of this group their fundamental right to be what they are." We believe that increased consummation of nuts in HT cases may be false positive finding. We base this statement on the recently observed trend of increased nut consumption in the city of Split 34, 35, from which both of our cohorts (HT patients and controls) were derived. More specifically, a comparison of daily nuts consumption between two population-based cohorts from Split, one recruited in 2008–2009 and the other in 2012–2013, showed an increase in nuts consumption from 7 to 11%, respectively 34, 35. Our control group was formed from the former population-based study whereas our HT case cohort was formed during 2015–2016. Therefore, an observed increase of 2.3% in nuts consumption between HT cases and controls in our study may purely reflect the generally established trend of increase in nut consumption in our population. It is important to state that our FFQ did not distinguish between different types of nuts (raw, salted, roasted). Due to all abovementioned reasons, the interpretation of results regarding nuts is difficult and should be taken with caution. Food groups that are less frequently consumed in HT patients Red meat Asik, M. et al. Decrease in TSH levels after lactose restriction in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis patients with lactose intolerance. Endocrine 46, 279–284 (2014).

Warm display merchandiser with a very stylish stainless steel design. Perfect for cafeterias, cateri..The most significant result of our study was observation of significantly increased consumption of animal fat in HT patients in comparison to controls (Fig. 1, SI Table S4). It is important to have in mind that by animal fat we consider fat that is used in cooking/preparing meals excluding all other fat that can be consumed through red meat or other meat products. This result is in line with and could be considered as replication of the result of the recent population-based study of 1887 participants from south Croatia that found association of animal fat consumption with increased TPOAb and/or TgAb positivity 17, key characteristics of HT 2. Triglycerides in animal fats, mainly contain saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated fat acids (MUFA) 24, 25, 26. It is known that SFAs may induce development and affect progression of many chronic diseases through inflammatory response 27. Two recent studies showed that high-fat diet causes thyroid dysfunction in rats and also induces hypothyroidism by decreasing total T4 and fT4 with increasing TSH levels 28, 29. These studies suggested that excess intake of animal fat contributes to pathogenesis of hypothyroidism. Our results are in line with these studies, although this result should not be taken as a suggestion to restrict animal fat consumption until further interventional studies are performed. Processed meat